Objective. The objective of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the energy efficiency of liquid separation plants using the freeze-off method based on entropy production analysis. Based on the developed methodology, assess the feasibility of using a preliminary cooling stage for the initial liquid product in cryoconcentrators based on the volumetric principle of operation.

Method. The study is based on the method of entropy analysis of thermodynamic cycles of refrigeration units. A theoretical calculation was performed using the developed methodology for cryoconcentrators equipped with and without a preliminary cooling stage for the initial liquid product.

Result. It was shown that the presence of a pre-cooling stage, which is based on machine-free cooling of the initial liquid product using the cold of the ice mass obtained in the apparatus, is expedient and allows for a significant reduction in the energy consumption of the cryoconcentrator. The results of calculating the specific energy consumption of the cryoconcentrator, which characterizes the energy consumption for the production of one liter of concentrate, depending on the presence of a preliminary cooling stage of the initial liquid product for refrigerants R404A, R410A, and R507, are presented.

Conclusion. The developed method for assessing the energy efficiency of liquid separation plants using the freeze-out method based on entropy production analysis can be useful not only for designing cryoconcentration devices, but also for other volumetric equipment operating under ice formation conditions, such as ice generators and cold accumulators.

Objective. The article is devoted to topical issues and practical aspects of improving the gas and smoke protection service both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and abroad. The main purpose of the research is to develop and implement innovative approaches to improving the gas and smoke protection service, aimed at improving the level of protection for the lives of both rescuers and victims in emergency situations. Special attention is paid to the integration of modern technological solutions that minimize the risks associated with working in an inhospitable environment. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing number of man-made disasters and the need to increase the effectiveness of emergency rescue units.

Method. The research focuses on the implementation of a comprehensive telemetry system that provides remote monitoring of the physiological state of rescuers, environmental parameters and the location of personnel. This allows you to adjust the actions of departments in real time, allocate resources and quickly respond to changing conditions. The system includes sensors, data transmission facilities, and analytics software.

Result. As a result of the introduction of telemetry, significant optimization of management processes has been shown.: reducing the number of necessary management personnel, the possibility of forming additional mobile groups and improving overall coordination. This had a direct impact on the responsiveness and reduced time for search and rescue operations.

Conclusion. The use of improved telemetry-based monitoring and management mechanisms is a key fac-tor in improving the safety and efficiency of gas and smoke protection services, and the experience gained can be successfully adapted and applied in other countries.

Objective. Development and evaluation of a method for integrating open-source monitoring tools for detecting abnormal activity in Astra Linux Special Edition, taking into account the built-in protection mechanisms.

Method. Integration of Wazuh, OSSEC, Suricata and audit tools.d; adaptation of the rules to the specifics of Astra Linux; testing based on MITRE ATT&CK techniques; analysis according to GOST R 59548-2022 and NIST SP 800-92 standards.

Result. A methodology for integrating and adapting open-source monitoring tools (Wazuh, Suricata, OSSEC) to detect abnormal user activity in the special-purpose operating system Astra Linux Special Edition. Adaptation of event correlation rules to the built-in OS protection mechanisms (mandatory control, Parsec audit) and integration with external threat analysis platforms (VirusTotal, URLhaus).

Conclusion. This methodology ensures effective detection of abnormal activity in Astra Linux. Adaptation of open-source software enabled compliance with security requirements. The system demonstrates high accuracy with minimal false positives. It is recommended for organizations migrating to domestic special-purpose operating systems.

Objective. The aim of the study is to identify key indicators influencing the placement of technical means of traffic management, and to develop mathematical models and algorithms.

Method. The study is based on expert methods: Saaty hierarchy process analysis, natural and computational modeling.

Result. Two main indicators of road safety have been identified, which play a key role in assessing the risk on motorways. Indicators for assessing the accident rate have been defined, and a model has been proposed for determining the overall assessment of the risk of accidents at possible locations of technical means of traffic management. Proposed an algorithm for clustering possible locations for the placement of technical means for organizing traffic.

Conclusion. The created model for evaluating the impact of road accidents considers intricate connections between accident types and outcomes, representing a significant advance in building a more precise and impartial system for gauging road risk. The suggested method for categorizing prospective sites for traffic control technology can offset limitations in statistical information concerning road safety and enhance the reliability of assessing safety improvements resulting from these technologies.

Objective. The purpose of the study is to reduce the actual risks of information security of important assets based on the analysis and systematization of significant deficiencies identified as a result of the ISPDn information security audit in twenty CII organizations.

Method. Generalization and analysis of the results of the control and supervisory activities of ISPs of CII facilities, identification of the most dangerous threats based on risk theory.

Result. Dangerous threats to the information security of CII facilities have been identified, and solutions have been proposed to enhance the security of ISPs by changing the topology, increasing the security of the server with PD through network segmentation, multi-level traffic filtering and integrated monitoring. The effectiveness of the proposed measures has been calculated.

Conclusion. Dangerous typical threats to the information security of CII facilities have been identified, and solutions have been proposed to enhance security in personal data information systems.

Objective. The objective of this study is to assess a large warehouse complex's compliance with fire safety requirements and analyze its fire hazard level.

Method. A method for calculating quantitative indicators of fire hazard levels for large warehouse buildings is presented. The developed method is designed to reliably assess the potential threat of a fire breaking out and developing in a large warehouse complex. Fire hazard generation parameters are examined in detail, including architectural and planning features, fire load, fire safety equipment, and more.

Result. Fire risk determination is based on calculating values reflecting the fire hazard for the facility in question. The resulting data are compared with the limit values defined in regulatory documents. The calculated fire risk parameters quantify the likelihood of a fire occurring at a facility and demonstrate the potential consequences for building occupants and the safety of material resources.

Conclusion. The individual fire risk calculation method can be used to implement fire prevention measures, ensure personnel safety, and safeguard material resources at warehouse facilities. The proposed approach enables optimization of facility fire safety costs by selecting the most appropriate and well-reasoned solutions. The author proposes additional measures to ensure fire safety in warehouse facilities.

Objective. This article explores the application of fuzzy logic to practical technological problems that require evaluating alternatives and then making a choice. The goal is to develop a methodology for applying a generalized approach to fuzzy inference rules to solving diverse, unrelated problems.

Method. The application of algorithmic procedures to a specific range of problems is considered.

Result. The following processes are considered: systematic monitoring of learning outcomes with recommendations for modifying learning paths; employee selection upon hiring and identifying professional suitability; determining the quality of finished products at an industrial enterprise to improve competitiveness, etc. This approach makes it possible to apply the same algorithm to describe linguistic uncertainty in various research areas, relying on the use of linguistic variables. Models and methods of fuzzy set theory are tested, and specific tools for describing objects that do not have clear and unambiguous boundaries are presented.

Conclusion. The universality of the applied mathematical apparatus for solving multidisciplinary problems is proven.

Objective. The aim of the work is to study the shortcomings of currently widespread objective mathematical criteria based on the principle of measuring the introduced error, as well as to demonstrate the advantages of criteria that take into account the features of the human visual system.

Method. The study is based on modeling the introduction of distortions by impulse noise. The resulting image quality is assessed using the above metrics. Quality assessment metrics should be consistent with subjective assessment results for a wide range of images without requiring complex computations; they should have a simple analytical form and be applicable as optimality criteria for optimizing or selecting parameters for image processing systems, including machine learning systems.

Result. The experimental results show the weakness of traditional approaches to image quality assessment based on the use of mathematical measures that assess the error introduced by the processing algorithm.

Conclusion. These metrics are currently widespread objective criteria that can be used to measure deviations, but they correlate poorly with subjective quality indicators. Metrics that take into account the peculiarities of the human visual system allow us to evaluate image quality as a measurement of structural distortions, rather than introduced errors. Our experiments have shown that the improved metric has a non-linear but exponential dependence on the probability of pixel value distortion, and correlates much better with the subjective visual perception of the quality of the image that has been processed than the standard deviation.

Objective. Methods for emulating network attacks on computer networks using the Python programming language are discussed. Special attention is paid to such types of attacks as ARP-spoofing, DDoS attacks and SQL injections, as well as various ways to detect and monitor them.

Method. Python libraries such as scapy for creating fake ARP responses and performing ARP spoofing attacks, requests for emulating DDoS attacks, and SQL injection tools for testing server and application vulnerabilities are used.

Result. Code examples demonstrating attack implementation are provided, along with methods for analyzing network traffic to identify anomalies caused by these attacks. The obtained data was visualized.

Conclusion. The results are intended for specialists studying the vulnerabilities of computer networks, for developers of systems for protection against external threats, and are useful in developing solutions for protection against various threats.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to examine the application of modern artificial intelligence technologies to support the implementation of international and national construction projects in the oil and gas sector.

Method. The study is based on structural and systemic analysis methods, as well as methods for comparing modern standards applicable to the implementation and evaluation of AI-based oil and gas construction projects.

Result. The most important results are practical examples and a comprehensive analysis of the application of modern AI technologies to support the implementation of construction projects in the oil and gas sector. The risks of using AI technologies in construction projects are considered, as the existing regulatory framework of national and international standards does not provide sufficient risk assessment criteria.

Conclusion. The scientific novelty lies in complementing existing construction project implementation methods with modern AI technologies, which enable benefits (reduced costs, increased accuracy and speed of technical operations, and reduced risks) that can be quantified and compared with known project cost items.

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical foundations for making decisions on the technical condition of hazardous industrial facilities in order to reduce non-core expert operations related to constructing a trajectory of processing graphic information.

Method. A block-based decision-making method for processing graphic information is proposed. This method is based on the introduction of a vector classification feature and comprises: an image fragmentation block for automatic processing, which determines which portion of the image should be processed; a decision block for accepting the resulting fragment for processing, which allows for assessing compliance with the image acquisition conditions based on lighting; an image enhancement block, which allows for changes in image contrast and texture removal; and an image segmentation and indicator calculation block, which allows for the separation of target objects in the image and the determination of indicator values. The structure of each block is constructed and visualized.

Result. To test the method, a practical example is presented for assessing the deterioration of interpanel joints on the façade of an industrial building. The expert's role is reduced to assessing the image situation and entering the coordinates of a vector classification feature, followed by decision-making based on the image processing results along a given trajectory.

Conclusion. The ideology of the proposed method has elements of fundamentality and can be applied to solve problems when studying and monitoring the state of many objects from any area.

Objective. The aim of this study is to develop Python software for the automated search for unused executable files in Linux operating systems. The relevance is due to the need to optimize memory, reduce the attack surface and improve control over the system by removing unused software. Modern Linux distributions contain numerous utility programs and third-party programs that may never be used, leading to inefficient resource usage.

Method. The study is based on file metadata analysis (last access time atime), scanning directories from the PATH environment variable, and taking into account the specific features of Linux file systems (relatime mode).

Result. The developed software includes two subsystems: user interaction and data collection/analysis. To ensure portability, a deployment method in a Docker containerized environment is proposed. A software solution has been created that generates reports on unused executable files based on a user-specified date, provides removal recommendations, including dependencies and uninstallation methods via package managers, and supports dynamic deployment via Docker, adapting to different PATH configurations.

Conclusion. The tool complements utilities (such as deborphan), focusing on software usage time. Its simplicity and minimalist design allow for integration into administrative processes. Future development prospects include porting to Golang with a graphical interface and integration into automated OS deployment systems.

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm and software for evaluating alternatives based on the additive convolution method of criteria.

Method. The additive convolution method allows summing up individual criteria based on their importance, forming a single integral value; the calculation algorithm includes sequential steps, normalization, determination of weights, and integration of the obtained data; the developed software product, implemented in the Python programming language using the Tkinter library, provides a convenient graphical representation of the result.

Result. The stages of the method implementation are presented, including normalization of criteria, determination of importance weights, and the convolution procedure that combines different indicators into an integral indicator. The algorithm describes the calculation functions and provides a code listing. An algorithm for software development is presented. An example of applying the method to assess the effectiveness of antihistamines is given.

Conclusion. The program allows calculating integral indicators and finding criterion weights using a pairwise comparison matrix, as well as presenting the result in the form of a graph. The proposed method and the developed software package represent an effective tool for decision-making with the selection of the optimal alternative. Using the software product simplifies the process of comparing and analyzing a large number of factors, increasing the accuracy and objectivity of selection.

Objective. The study aims to develop a theoretical and methodological approach to digital transformation based on integrating platform, competence, and ecosystem approaches and to empirically assess its quantitative effects on Russian companies during 2018–2023.

Method. Systemic and institutional analysis, mathematical modeling (modified Cobb–Douglas function), case studies (250 companies with actual data for 2018–2023 plus 50 companies with forecast data for 2024–2025), regression analysis of panel data (Rosstat, HSE), and technical analysis of architectures (microservices, IoT, CI/CD).

Result. An integrated model of digital transformation is proposed. Based on actual data from 250 companies (2018–2023), systemic transformation increases labor productivity by 18–27%, profitability by 12–19%, and reduces transaction costs by 22–35%. The contribution of engineering solutions (platforms, digital twins, ML models) is quantified for Russia. Forecast data (2024–2025) indicate potential productivity effects up to 28–37% with GenAI and 5G adoption, pending verification.

Conclusion. Digital transformation is an engineering-organizational process dependent on IT architecture maturity, DevOps/ML skills, and ecosystem integration. Findings support evidence-based digital strategies.

Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop an information system for supporting and planning pre-project work on gasification of the facility.

Method. A set-theoretic model was developed. Criteria influencing equipment selection were identified, and an algorithm was developed to automate the process of selecting equipment for gasification of a facility.

Result. The article presents the results of a study aimed at solving the problems of developing models, algorithms and an information system for supporting and planning pre-project gasification work. A set-theoretic model and algorithms were built to automate the formation of project documentation.

Conclusion. The information system allows you to enter data on gasified facilities, register applications for gasification, select equipment and carry out hydraulic calculations, form contracts with an explanatory note and reports.

Objective. To carry out experimental design for twoand three-factor cases using facilities of the fuel and energy complex as examples.

Methods. An orthogonal central composite design was applied to improve model accuracy and account for nonlinear relationships among parameters.

Results. The design parameters were calculated, planning matrices were constructed, and regression equations were obtained. A two-factor experiment was implemented, yielding adequate quadratic regression models for predicting flow rate and pressure in a liquid-transport system. A three-factor experiment was conducted based on a sectional model of primary oil refining. The factors affecting the criterion were: superheated steam flow rate, reflux ratio, and potential content of light fractions in the feed. MatLab and Python software packages were used. The adequacy of the obtained quadratic regression relationships to the original data was evaluated by Fisher’s F-test.

Conclusions. The problem of maximizing liquid flow in the transport system was solved. The study of air injection into a circulating viscous liquid can serve as a convenient model for two-phase flow investigation. The application of the statistical model to oil rectification units contributes to improved operational efficiency of the installations.

Objective. The aim of the work is to study the capabilities of the Dynamo Studio program as a tool for automating the design of reinforcement systems in Revit and to develop algorithms for reinforcing various structural elements: beams, columns, and floor slabs.

Method. The study is based on methods for automating the reinforcement process of reinforced concrete structures in Autodesk Revit using Dynamo Studio. The paper considers the principles of working with the main nodes and geometric parameters of elements.

Result. Methods for creating reinforcement cages for beams, columns, and floor slabs have been developed, taking into account their design features and geometric parameters. Algorithms for reinforcing beams, columns, and floor slabs are described. The main nodes and the sequence of actions for creating reinforcement cages are described.

Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of effective automated design of reinforcement systems for reinforced concrete structures. The use of Dynamo Studio to automate the reinforcement process significantly increases labor productivity and ensures high-quality design documentation. The results of the study can serve as the basis for creating complex automated systems for the design of reinforcement structures. The findings confirm the practical significance of the results obtained and can be used by designers when developing building structures.

Objective. A method for distributing the load on servers of information systems of the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation is proposed.

Method. The study is based on methods for analyzing the functioning of information server infrastructure, as well as scientific papers on the topic of load balancing on the server component of information systems.

Results. The main algorithms and methods are discussed. A model for balancing loads between servers is presented. A method for balanced load distribution on servers of information systems of the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation is proposed; simulation results of the proposed solution are presented.

Conclusion. The authors note the potential of research in the area of load distribution on the server component of information systems. The proposed method can be used to improve the reliability and sustainability of information systems.

Objective. Modeling and calculation of the building frame of a large-span exhibition pavilion, created using a diagonal transfer surface, for special seismic impacts using a standard method taking into account operational static and dynamic impacts, as well as regulation of forces and displacements in the elements of the building frame by changing the geometric scheme.

Method. The framework of the unique building was developed based on the study of the evolution of the diagonal transfer surface in the ArchiCAD, SAPFIR and Lira-SAPR software packages.

Result. At the first stage of design, a numerical experiment was conducted to regulate the stressstrain state of the building frame. The calculation of individual elements of the building was performed to determine the optimal calculation scheme and preliminary selection of element sections. Two options for roof arches were considered. The physical, mechanical and geometric parameters of the supporting structures were varied. Based on the results of the numerical experiment, the final calculation scheme of the building was selected and a full dynamic calculation of the frame was performed taking into account seismic impact.

Conclusion. The displacements of the finite element model nodes in the global coordinate system, as well as the forces in the supporting elements of the frame, were obtained. An additional calculation for the stability of the arched roof was performed. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, a rational option for constructing the building frame was selected.

Objective. This paper considers the stress-strain state of a rigid plate subject to bending under creep conditions, with various boundary conditions. A resolving linear inhomogeneous differential equation of the fourth order with respect to deflection is obtained. The solution is numerically solved using a Maurice-Lévy-type analytical method in the MATLAB software package using unary trigonometric series. The nonlinear Maxwell-Gurevich equation is used as the equation of state between creep strains and stresses.

Method. A linear approximation of the first time derivative, the Euler method, was used to determine creep strains. To verify the solution, a mesh calculation was performed on a recycled PVC plate [1]. The method was validated by comparing the solution with calculations by other renowned researchers.

Result. A program was developed for calculations in the MATLAB package with the ability to vary the initial data and plot a graph of displacements and stresses versus time. Using a recycled PVC plate as an example, it is shown that stresses change insignificantly during creep.

Conclusion. The proposed approach can be applied to the analysis of the stress-strain state and the load-bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete slab. There are no restrictions on boundary conditions or loading type, and the plate material can be not only polymers and composites for construction purposes, but also concrete.

Objective. A heat pump integrated into freeze-drying plants increases their energy efficiency, reduces the cost of heating buildings, stabilizes the load on the power grid and brings economic benefits.

Method. The study is based on thermodynamic analysis methods that are used to evaluate the technical characteristics of the freeze-drying plant before and after the introduction of the heat pump.

Result. The technical parameters of the heat pump were analyzed, and the most suitable installation option was selected. There are 2 types of combined schemes with a heat pump for water heating.

Conclusions. The presented installations will make it possible to use excess heat for heating buildings and hot water or reduce the energy consumption of an electric boiler. To create this type of installation, it is necessary to carry out a set of analytical and experimental studies.

Objective. The aim of the study is to create software tools that ensure reliable and consistently reproducible determination of heat loads and annual thermal energy consumption, taking into account the combined influence of climatic, structural, and operational factors.

Method. The methodological basis of the study involves structuring the computational process into a sequence of functional blocks implementing algorithms for calculating heat loads and annual energy consumption. The input data include the architectural and construction characteristics of buildings, the number of occupants, as well as climatic and operational parameters. The proposed algorithms are implemented in software modules tested on examples of civil buildings.

Result. Two software modules have been developed for calculating the energy consumption of heating and domestic hot water systems. The novelty of the study lies in the development of a concept for specialized software implementing algorithms for calculating heat loads and annual energy consumption, as well as in the creation of an automated method for determining the parameters of heating and hot water supply systems using aggregated calculation indicators. Software testing confirmed the correctness of the algorithms and the applicability of the developed solutions in engineering practice.

Conclusion. The developed software implements the automation of energy consumption calculations for residential buildings and enables consideration of key climatic, construction, and operational parameters. The presented algorithms determine peak and average heat loads as well as the annual energy demand for heating and domestic hot water systems. The obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the software for optimizing energy consumption calculations. Verification of the software modules demonstrated high accuracy and stability of the computational results. The conducted study confirms the importance of digital tools in enhancing energy efficiency and promoting sustainable development in residential construction.

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for the static nonlinear calculation of membrane-pneumatic systems for force loads and various impacts.

Method. The calculation of nonlinear lens-shaped membrane-pneumatic systems is based on the wellknown stepwise method of parameter increment and the possibilities of the iterative process of the Euler-Cauchy numerical procedure with an increased number of iterations, using the finite element method at each step. Since the calculation of pneumatic systems based on compressed air is performed, a system of equations is used that includes a universal equation of state of a gas and a formula for determining the pressure increment in a sealed space formed by the lens-shaped roof of the structure.

Result. A modified iterative method of parameter increment and a corresponding numerical approach are presented, which improve the accuracy of solving nonlinear equations. The main improvement lies in increasing the number of iterations from the usual three to thirty. A lens-shaped membrane-pneumatic system with a span of one hundred twenty meters was calculated for the action of a sectional snow load distributed over a half-span.

Conclusion. The proposed method can be used to calculate not only lens-shaped structures, but also air-supported and pneumatic-framed objects.

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop and test a calculation method for lens-shaped membrane-pneumatic roofs taking into account geometric and physical nonlinearity. The relevance of the problem is due to the interest in pneumatic structures in construction practice, where a reliable and cost-effective solution for covering large spans is required.

Method. The study applies an improved iterative method of parameter increments based on the Euler and Euler-Cauchy numerical procedures. Unlike classical approaches (FEM, Newton-Raphson algorithms, the method of successive loadings), the proposed method is more resistant to error accumulation and provides the ability to adjust accuracy by changing the number of iterations and the loading step. For practical implementation, a software package has been developed that allows for taking into account both geometric and physical nonlinearity, as well as the internal pressure in the shell.

Result. Numerical modeling showed that for a 60-meter span, geometric nonlinearity is approximately 7%, while physical nonlinearity is approximately 6%. Calculations for various spans (60–100 m) confirmed the pattern of increasing nonlinearity with increasing roof size. The results demonstrate that the use of linear methods leads to an underestimation of deformations and an underestimation of the structure's load-bearing capacity.

Conclusion. The use of a modified parameter increment method improves the accuracy and reliability of calculations for lenticular pneumatic structures while maintaining acceptable computational complexity. The developed methodology and software package can be recommended for engineering calculations, the design of sports and exhibition facilities, and temporary pavilions. The practical significance of this work lies in the optimization of material consumption and increased operational reliability of pneumatic systems.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm for determining the optimal number of different types of elements that will minimize the cost of structures. The article presents specific calculations for optimizing the number of different types of truss elements for spans of 24 meters, 30 meters, and 36 meters.

Method. The study is based on the application of numerical and analytical methods for calculating steel consumption depending on the number of different types of truss elements.

Result. The considered design and calculation schemes allow us to determine the optimal number of different types of truss elements that minimizes the cost of the rod system (truss). The results are presented in the form of graphs and tables.

Conclusion. The results of this study allow us to determine the optimal number of different types of elements even at the design stage of trusses with different spans.