<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vdgtu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Дагестанского государственного технического университета. Технические науки</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6185</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-095X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Daghestan State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21822/2073-6185-2024-51-3-60-71</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vdgtu-1556</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Технологии кеширования данных в современных микропроцессорах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Data caching technologies in modern microprocessors</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егунов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egunov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егунов Виталий Алексеевич, кандидат технических наук, доцент, кафедра ЭВМ и систем </p><p>400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. Ленина, 28 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly A. Egunov, Cand. Sci. (Eng), Assoc.Prof., Computers and Systems Department </p><p>28 Lenin Ave., Volgograd 400005 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vegunov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабаловский</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabalovsky</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шабаловский Владимир Андреевич, магистрант, кафедра ЭВМ и систем </p><p>400005, г. Волгоград, пр. им. Ленина, 28 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Shabalovsky, Master Student, Computers and Systems Department </p><p>28 Lenin Ave., Volgograd 400005 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shabalovsky.v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Волгоградский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Егунов В.А., Шабаловский В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егунов В.А., Шабаловский В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egunov V.A., Shabalovsky V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.dgtu.ru/jour/article/view/1556">https://vestnik.dgtu.ru/jour/article/view/1556</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Исследование, представленное в статье, направлено на изучение методов повышения эффективности программного обеспечения в современных вычислительных системах с иерархической структурой памяти. Метод. Исследование основано на технологиях кеширования данных в микропроцессорах. Результат. Представлены результаты анализа различных подходов к разработке эффективного программного обеспечения с учетом характеристик подсистемы памяти вычислительной системы, что позволило доказать важность кеш-памяти в улучшении производительности и взаимодействии компонентов компьютера. Вывод. Кеш-память является критически важным элементом в архитектуре микропроцессоров, играющим ключевую роль в определении производительности вычислительной системы. Оптимизация использования кеша может заметно улучшить время доступа к данным и, как следствие, общую производительность системы. Разработчикам программного обеспечения необходимо уделять особое внимание характеристикам подсистемы памяти при проектировании и реализации решений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. The study presented in the paper is aimed at studying the methods for improving the efficiency of software in modern computing systems with a hierarchical memory structure. Method. The study is based on data caching technologies in microprocessors. Result. The article presents the results of the analysis of various approaches to the development of efficient software taking into account the characteristics of the memory subsystem of the computing system, which made it possible to prove the importance of cache memory in improving the performance and interaction of computer components. Conclusion. Cache memory is a critical element in the architecture of microprocessors, playing a key role in determining the performance of the computing system. Optimizing the use of cache can significantly improve data access time and, as a result, overall system performance. Software developers need to pay special attention to the characteristics of the memory subsystem when designing and implementing solutions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кеш-память</kwd><kwd>оптимизация</kwd><kwd>эффективность программного обеспечения</kwd><kwd>кеш-промах</kwd><kwd>кеш-попадание</kwd><kwd>ассоциативность кеш-памяти</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cache memory</kwd><kwd>optimization</kwd><kwd>software efficiency</kwd><kwd>cache miss</kwd><kwd>cache hit</kwd><kwd>associativity of cache memory</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhat, Subrahmanya and Bhat, Subrahmanya and Kamath, K. R, Cache Hierarchy in Modern Processors and Its Impact on Computing (May 11, 2017). International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering (IJMIE), Volume 5, Issue 7, pp. 248-253, ISSN: 2249-0558, July 2015, Proceedings of National Conference “Recent Advances in IT, Management and Social Sciences”, Manegma – 2015, Mangalore on 23rd April, 2015, ISBN No. 978-81-929306-6-4, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2966616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhat, Subrahmanya and Bhat, Subrahmanya and Kamath, K. R, Cache Hierarchy in Modern Processors and Its Impact on Computing (May 11, 2017). International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering (IJMIE), Volume 5, Issue 7, Pp. 248-253, ISSN: 2249-0558, July 2015, Proceedings of National Conference “Recent Advances in IT, Management and Social Sciences”, Manegma – 2015, Mangalore on 23rd April, 2015, ISBN No. 978-81-929306-6-4, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2966616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexander von Bülow, Jürgen Stohr, and Georg Färber Towards an Efficient Use of Caches in State of the Art Processors for Real-Time Systems // Work-In-Progress Session of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. — Catania, Italy:Steve Goddard, 2004. — С. 5-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexander von Bülow, Jürgen Stohr, and Georg Färber Towards an Efficient Use of Caches in State of the Art Processors for Real-Time Systems. Work-In-Progress Session of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. Catania, Italy:Steve Goddard, 2004;5-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cortex-A5 // developer.arm URL: https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-A5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cortex-A5. developer.arm URL: https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-A5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Processeurs Intel® Core™ de 14ᵉ génération pour PC de bureau // intel.fr URL: https://www.intel.fr/content/www/fr/fr/products/docs/processors/core/core-14th-gen-desktop-brief.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Processeurs Intel® Core™ de 14ᵉ génération pour PC de bureau // intel.fr URL: https://www.intel.fr/content/www/fr/fr/products/docs/processors/core/core-14th-gen-desktop-brief.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонов А.А., Ключев А.О., Комар М.С., Кустарев П.В., Кучерявый Е.А., Молчанов Д.А., Петров В.И., Платунов А.Е. Разработка протокола множественного доступа для процессоров с многоуровневым кэшированием // Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики. 2015. №3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-protokola-mnozhestvennogo-dostupadlya-protsessorov-s-mnogourovnevym-keshirovaniem.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonov A.A., Klyuchev A.O., Komar M.S., Kustarev P.V., Kucheryavyj E.A., Molchanov D.A., Petrov V.I., Platunov A.E. Development of a multiple access protocol for processors with multi-level caching // Scientific and Technical Bulletin of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. 2015;3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-protokola-mnozhestvennogo-dostupa-dlya-protsessorov-smnogourovnevym-keshirovaniem. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Measuring the size of the cache line empirically // lemire URL: https://lemire.me/blog/2023/12/12/measuring-the-size-of-the-cache-line-empirically/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Measuring the size of the cache line empirically // lemire URL: https://lemire.me/blog/2023/12/12/measuring-the-size-of-the-cache-line-empirically/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruce Jacob, Spencer W. Ng, David T. Wang, CHAPTER 1 - An Overview of Cache Principles, Editor(s): Memory Systems,Morgan Kaufmann, 2008, Pages 57-77, ISBN 9780123797513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruce Jacob, Spencer W. Ng, David T. Wang, CHAPTER 1 - An Overview of Cache Principles, Editor(s): Memory Systems,Morgan Kaufmann, 2008, Pages 57-77, ISBN 9780123797513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eze, Val &amp; Eze, Martin &amp; Edozie, Enerst &amp; Eze, Esther. (2023). Design and Development of Effective Multi-Level Cache Memory Model. International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science (IJORTAS). 5. 54-64. 10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0502.515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eze, Val &amp; Eze, Martin &amp; Edozie, Enerst &amp; Eze, Esther. (2023). Design and Development of Effective Multi-Level Cache Memory Model. International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science (IJORTAS). 5. 54-64. 10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0502.515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IBM's New System Z CPU Offers 40 Percent More Performance per Socket, Integrated AI // extremetech URL: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/326402-ibms-new-system-z-cpu-offers-40-percent-moreperformance-per-socket-integrated-ai</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IBM's New System Z CPU Offers 40 Percent More Performance per Socket, Integrated AI // extremetech URL: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/326402-ibms-new-system-z-cpu-offers-40-percent-moreperformance-per-socket-integrated-ai</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cache Memory in Computer Organization // geeksforgeeks URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cachememory-in-computer-organization/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cache Memory in Computer Organization // geeksforgeeks URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cachememory-in-computer-organization/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jouppi, Norman. (1998). Improving Direct-Mapped Cache Performance by the Addition of a Small FullyAssociative Cache Prefetch Buffers.. Conference Proceedings - Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture. 18. 388-397. 10.1109/ISCA.1990.134547.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jouppi, Norman. (1998). Improving Direct-Mapped Cache Performance by the Addition of a Small FullyAssociative Cache Prefetch Buffers.. Conference Proceedings - Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture. 18. 388-397. 10.1109/ISCA.1990.134547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garzón, Esteban &amp; Hanhan, Robert &amp; Lanuzza, Marco &amp; Teman, Adam &amp; Yavits, Leonid. (2024). FASTA: Revisiting Fully Associative Memories in Computer Microarchitecture. IEEE Access. PP. 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3355961.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garzón, Esteban &amp; Hanhan, Robert &amp; Lanuzza, Marco &amp; Teman, Adam &amp; Yavits, Leonid. (2024). FASTA: Revisiting Fully Associative Memories in Computer Microarchitecture. IEEE Access. PP. 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3355961.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guocong Quan, Atilla Eryilmaz, Jian Tan, Ness Shroff,Prefetching and caching for minimizing service costs: Optimal and approximation strategies, Performance Evaluation, 2021;145:102149, ISSN 0166-5316,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guocong Quan, Atilla Eryilmaz, Jian Tan, Ness Shroff. Prefetching and caching for minimizing service costs: Optimal and approximation strategies, Performance Evaluation, 2021;145:102149, ISSN 0166-5316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Function core::arch::x86_64::_mm_prefetch // doc.rust-lang URL: https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/core/arch/x86_64/fn._mm_prefetch.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Function core::arch::x86_64::_mm_prefetch //doc.rust-lang URL: https://doc.rustlang.org/beta/core/arch/x86_64/fn._mm_prefetch.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филисов Д.А. Стратегии оптимизации для высоконагруженныхприложений: повышение общей производительности // Вестник науки. 2023. №7: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strategii-optimizatsiidlya-vysokonagruzhennyh-prilozheniy-povyshenie-obschey-proizvoditelnosti.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filisov D.A. Optimization strategies for high-load applications: improving overall performance // Bulletin of Science. 2023. №7 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strategii-optimizatsii-dlya-vysokonagruzhennyhprilozheniy-povyshenie-obschey-proizvoditelnosti. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu, HT., Cho, HH., Wang, SJ. et al. Intelligent data cache based on content popularity and user location for Content Centric Networks. Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci. 2019;(9)44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-019-0206-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu, HT., Cho, HH., Wang, SJ. et al. Intelligent data cache based on content popularity and user location for Content Centric Networks. Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci. 9, 44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-019-0206-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аль-згуль Мосаб Басам Гибридные алгоритмы в системах кэширования объектов // Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don). 2008. №4-39. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gibridnyealgoritmy-v-sistemah-keshirovaniya-obektov.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al'-zgul' Mosab Basam. Hybrid algorithms in object caching systems. Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don). 2008. №4-39. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gibridnye-algoritmy-v-sistemahkeshirovaniya-obektov. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locality of Reference and Cache Operation in Cache Memory // turbopages URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ ocality-of-reference-and-cache-operation-in-cache-memory/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locality of Reference and Cache Operation in Cache Memory//turbopages URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/locality-of-reference-and-cache-operation-in-cache-memory/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юрушкин М. В., Семионов С. Г. Переразмещение матриц к блочному виду с минимизацией использования дополнительной памяти // Известия вузов. Северо-Кавказский регион. Серия: Технические науки. 2017. №3 (195). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pererazmeschenie-matrits-k-blochnomuvidu-s-minimizatsiey-ispolzovaniya-dopolnitelnoy-pamyati.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">YUrushkin M. V., Semionov S. G. Repositioning matrices to a block view while minimizing the use of additional memory . News of universities. The North Caucasus region. Series: Technical Sciences. 2017. №3 (195). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pererazmeschenie-matrits-k-blochnomu-vidu-s-minimizatsieyispolzovaniya-dopolnitelnoy-pamyati. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LRU Cache — A Cache Data Structure // medium URL: https://ogroetz.medium.com/lru-cache-a-cachedata-structure-1fab0d948e94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LRU Cache — A Cache Data Structure // medium URL: https://ogroetz.medium.com/lru-cache-a-cachedata-structure-1fab0d948e94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection // gcc.gnu URL: https://gcc.gnu.org/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection // gcc.gnu URL: https://gcc.gnu.org/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapter 25. Profiling memory accesses with perf mem // access.redhat URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/enus/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapter 25. Profiling memory accesses with perf mem//access.redhat URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/enus/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егунов В.А. Кэш-оптимизация процесса вычисления собственных значений на параллельных вычислительных системах// Прикаспийский журнал: управление и высокие технологии. - 2019. - № 1 (45). - C. 154-163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egunov V.A. Cache optimization of the process of calculating eigenvalues on parallel computing systems. Caspian Journal: Management and High Technologies. 2019;1 (45):154-163. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егунов В.А. О влиянии кэш-памяти на эффективность программной реализации базовых операций линейной алгебры // Прикаспийский журнал: управление и высокие технологии. - 2018. - № 3. - C. 88-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egunov V.A. On the effect of cache memory on the effectiveness of software implementation of basic linear algebra operations. Caspian Journal: Management and High Technologies. 2018;3: 88-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егунов, В.А. Метод улучшения стратегии кеширования для вычислительных систем с общей памятью / В.А. Егунов, А.Г. Кравец // Программная инженерия. - 2023. - Т. 14, № 7. - C. 329-338. - DOI: 10.17587/prin.14.329-338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egunov V.A., Kravec A.G. A method for improving the caching strategy for computing systems with shared memory. Software Engineering. 2023; 14(7):329-338. - DOI: 10.17587/prin.14.329-338. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kravec A.G., Egunov V.A. The Software Cache Optimization-Based Method for Decreasing Energy Consumption of Computational Clusters// Energies. 2022;15(20):16 (October-2) [Special issue «Smart Energy and Sustainable Environment»]. Article 7509. 16p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravec A.G., Egunov V.A. The Software Cache Optimization-Based Method for Decreasing Energy Consumption of Computational Clusters. Energies. 2022;15(20):16 (October-2) [Special issue «Smart Energy and Sustainable Environment»]. Article 7509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207509. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
